探索云原生技术之容器编排引擎-Kubernetes/K8S详解(1)

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基本理论介绍

什么是云原生

Pivotal公司的Matt Stine于2013年首次提出云原生（Cloud-Native）的概念；2015年，云原生刚推广时，Matt Stine在《迁移到云原生架构》一书中定义了符合云原生架构的几个特征：12因素、微服务、自敏捷架构、基于API协作、扛脆弱性；到了2017年，Matt Stine在接受InfoQ采访时又改了口风，将云原生架构归纳为模块化、可观察、可部署、可测试、可替换、可处理6特质；而Pivotal最新官网对云原生概括为4个要点：DevOps+持续交付+微服务+容器。

总而言之，符合云原生架构的应用程序应该是：采用开源堆栈（K8S+Docker）进行容器化，基于微服务架构提高灵活性和可维护性，借助敏捷方法、DevOps支持持续迭代和运维自动化，利用云平台设施实现弹性伸缩、动态调度、优化资源利用率。

（此处摘选自《知乎-华为云官方帐号》）

什么是kubernetes

kubernetes，简称K8s，是用8代替8个字符”ubernete”而成的缩写。是一个开源的，用于管理云平台中多个主机上的容器化的应用，Kubernetes的目标是让部署容器化的应用简单并且高效，Kubernetes提供了应用部署，规划，更新，维护的一种机制。

传统的应用部署方式：是通过插件或脚本来安装应用。这样做的缺点是应用的运行、配置、管理、所有生存周期将与当前操作系统绑定，这样做并不利于应用的升级更新/回滚等操作，当然也可以通过创建虚拟机的方式来实现某些功能，但是虚拟机非常重，并不利于可移植性。

新的部署方式：是通过部署容器方式实现，每个容器之间互相隔离，每个容器有自己的文件系统 ，容器之间进程不会相互影响，能区分计算资源。相对于虚拟机，容器能快速部署，由于容器与底层设施、机器文件系统解耦的，所以它能在不同云、不同版本操作系统间进行迁移。

容器占用资源少、部署快，每个应用可以被打包成一个容器镜像，每个应用与容器间成一对一关系也使容器有更大优势，使用容器可以在build或release 的阶段，为应用创建容器镜像，因为每个应用不需要与其余的应用堆栈组合，也不依赖于生产环境基础结构，这使得从研发到测试、生产能提供一致环境。类似地，容器比虚拟机轻量、更”透明”，这更便于监控和管理。

Kubernetes是Google开源的一个容器编排引擎，它支持自动化部署、大规模可伸缩、应用容器化管理。在生产环境中部署一个应用程序时，通常要部署该应用的多个实例以便对应用请求进行负载均衡。

在Kubernetes中，我们可以创建多个容器，每个容器里面运行一个应用实例，然后通过内置的负载均衡策略，实现对这一组应用实例的管理、发现、访问，而这些细节都不需要运维人员去进行复杂的手工配置和处理。

（此处摘选自《百度百科》）

kubernetes核心功能

• 存储系统挂载（数据卷）：pod中容器之间共享数据，可以使用数据卷
• 应用健康检测：容器内服务可能进程阻塞无法处理请求，可以设置监控检查策略保证应用健壮性
• 应用实例的复制（实现pod的高可用）：pod控制器（deployment）维护着pod副本数量（可以自己进行设置，默认为1），保证一个pod或一组同类的pod数量始终可用，如果pod控制器deployment当前维护的pod数量少于deployment设置的pod数量，则会自动生成一个新的pod，以便数量符合pod控制器，形成高可用。
• Pod的弹性伸缩：根据设定的指标(比如：cpu利用率)自动缩放pod副本数。
• 服务发现：使用环境变量或者DNS插件保证容器中程序发现pod入口访问地址
• 负载均衡：一组pod副本分配一个私有的集群IP地址，负载均衡转发请求到后端容器。在集群内部其他pod可通过这个clusterIP访问应用
• 滚动更新：更新服务不会发生中断，一次更新一个pod，而不是同时删除整个服务。
• 容器编排：通过文件来部署服务，使得应用程序部署变得更高效
• 资源监控：node节点组件集成cAdvisor资源收集工具，可通过Heapster汇总整个集群节点资源数据，然后存储到InfluxDb时序数据库，再由Grafana展示。
• 提供认证和授权：支持角色访问控制(RBAC)认证授权等策略

搭建三个虚拟机（1个Master和2个Node）

安装VMware Workstation 16 Pro（若已有VMware则跳过）

• VMware哪个版本都行，我采用的是VMware Workstation 16 Pro，也会以这个版本来进行讲解。
• 进入VMware16 Pro官网下载
  • 滑到最下面就有Windows版本和Linux版本，点击即可自动下载，大家各取所需即可。
  • 按照提示安装即可。

安装VMware十分简单，这里不进行讲解。

创建并配置新的虚拟机

虚拟机环境初始化

为每个节点检查操作系统的版本

• 检查操作系统的版本（要求操作系统的版本至少在centos7.5以上）

[root@master ~]# cat /etc/redhat-release
CentOS Linux release 7.9.2009 (Core)

分别关闭每个节点防火墙

• 关闭firewalld服务
• 关闭iptables服务

systemctl stop firewalld
systemctl disable firewalld

systemctl stop iptables
systemctl disable iptables

分别给每个节点设置主机名

设置192.168.184.100 k8s主机的主机名

hostnamectl set-hostname k8s-master

设置192.168.184.101 k8s从机（1）的主机名

hostnamectl set-hostname k8s-slave01

设置192.168.184.102 k8s从机（2）的主机名

hostnamectl set-hostname k8s-slave02

分别给每个节点进行主机名解析

• 为了方便后面集群节点间的直接调用，需要配置一下主机名解析，企业中推荐使用内部的DNS服务器

#1:进入hosts文件
vim /etc/hosts

#2:“”追加“”以下内容
192.168.184.100 k8s-master
192.168.184.101 k8s-slave01
192.168.184.102 k8s-slave02

分别给每个节点时间同步

• kubernetes要求集群中的节点时间必须精确一致，所以在每个节点上添加时间同步

[root@master ~]# yum install ntpdate -y
已加载插件：fastestmirror, langpacks
Determining fastest mirrors
 * base: mirrors.dgut.edu.cn
 * extras: mirrors.dgut.edu.cn
 * updates: mirrors.aliyun.com
base                                                                                       | 3.6 kB  00:00:00     
extras                                                                                     | 2.9 kB  00:00:00     
updates                                                                                    | 2.9 kB  00:00:00     
(1/4): base/7/x86_64/group_gz                                                              | 153 kB  00:00:00     
(2/4): extras/7/x86_64/primary_db                                                          | 246 kB  00:00:00     
(3/4): base/7/x86_64/primary_db                                                            | 6.1 MB  00:00:05     
(4/4): updates/7/x86_64/primary_db                                                         |  15 MB  00:00:09     
软件包 ntpdate-4.2.6p5-29.el7.centos.2.x86_64 已安装并且是最新版本
无须任何处理

[root@master ~]#  ntpdate time.windows.com
30 Apr 00:06:26 ntpdate[1896]: adjust time server 20.189.79.72 offset 0.030924 sec

分别为每个节点关闭selinux

查看selinux是否开启

[root@master ~]# getenforce
Enforcing

为每个节点永久关闭selinux(需要重启)

sed -i 's/enforcing/disabled/' /etc/selinux/config

为每个节点永久关闭swap分区

sed -ri 's/.*swap.*/#&/' /etc/fstab

为每个节点将桥接的IPv4流量传递到iptables的链

• 在每个节点上将桥接的IPv4流量传递到iptables的链

cat > /etc/sysctl.d/k8s.conf  EOF
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-ip6tables = 1
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables = 1
net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1
vm.swappiness = 0
EOF

# 加载br_netfilter模块
modprobe br_netfilter

# 查看是否加载
[root@master ~]# lsmod | grep br_netfilter
br_netfilter           22256  0 
bridge                151336  1 br_netfilter

# 开始生效
[root@master ~]# sysctl --system
* Applying /usr/lib/sysctl.d/00-system.conf ...
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-ip6tables = 0
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables = 0
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-arptables = 0
* Applying /usr/lib/sysctl.d/10-default-yama-scope.conf ...
kernel.yama.ptrace_scope = 0
* Applying /usr/lib/sysctl.d/50-default.conf ...
kernel.sysrq = 16
kernel.core_uses_pid = 1
kernel.kptr_restrict = 1
net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter = 1
net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter = 1
net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route = 0
net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_source_route = 0
net.ipv4.conf.default.promote_secondaries = 1
net.ipv4.conf.all.promote_secondaries = 1
fs.protected_hardlinks = 1
fs.protected_symlinks = 1
* Applying /etc/sysctl.d/99-sysctl.conf ...
* Applying /etc/sysctl.d/k8s.conf ...
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-ip6tables = 1
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables = 1
net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1
vm.swappiness = 0
* Applying /etc/sysctl.conf ...

为每个节点开启ipvs

• 在kubernetes中service有两种代理模型，一种是基于iptables，另一种是基于ipvs的。ipvs的性能要高于iptables的，但是如果要使用它，需要手动载入ipvs模块。
• 在所有节点安装ipset和ipvsadm：

[root@master ~]# yum -y install ipset ipvsadm
已加载插件：fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
 * base: mirrors.dgut.edu.cn
 * extras: mirrors.dgut.edu.cn
 * updates: mirrors.aliyun.com
软件包 ipset-7.1-1.el7.x86_64 已安装并且是最新版本
正在解决依赖关系
--> 正在检查事务
---> 软件包 ipvsadm.x86_64.0.1.27-8.el7 将被 安装
--> 解决依赖关系完成

依赖关系解决

==================================================================================================================
 Package                    架构                      版本                          源                       大小
==================================================================================================================
正在安装:
 ipvsadm                    x86_64                    1.27-8.el7                    base                     45 k

事务概要
==================================================================================================================
安装  1 软件包

总下载量：45 k
安装大小：75 k
Downloading packages:
警告：/var/cache/yum/x86_64/7/base/packages/ipvsadm-1.27-8.el7.x86_64.rpm: 头V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, 密钥 ID f4a80eb5: NOKEY
ipvsadm-1.27-8.el7.x86_64.rpm 的公钥尚未安装
ipvsadm-1.27-8.el7.x86_64.rpm                                                              |  45 kB  00:00:00     
从 file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7 检索密钥
导入 GPG key 0xF4A80EB5:
 用户ID     : "CentOS-7 Key (CentOS 7 Official Signing Key) "
 指纹       : 6341 ab27 53d7 8a78 a7c2 7bb1 24c6 a8a7 f4a8 0eb5
 软件包     : centos-release-7-9.2009.0.el7.centos.x86_64 (@anaconda)
 来自       : /etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7
Running transaction check
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded
Running transaction
  正在安装    : ipvsadm-1.27-8.el7.x86_64                                                                     1/1 
  验证中      : ipvsadm-1.27-8.el7.x86_64                                                                     1/1 
已安装:
  ipvsadm.x86_64 0:1.27-8.el7                       
完毕！

• 在所有节点执行如下脚本：

cat > /etc/sysconfig/modules/ipvs.modules EOF
#!/bin/bash
modprobe -- ip_vs
modprobe -- ip_vs_rr
modprobe -- ip_vs_wrr
modprobe -- ip_vs_sh
modprobe -- nf_conntrack_ipv4
EOF

• 授权、运行、检查是否加载

[root@master ~]# chmod 755 /etc/sysconfig/modules/ipvs.modules && bash /etc/sysconfig/modules/ipvs.modules && lsmod | grep -e ip_vs -e nf_conntrack_ipv4

nf_conntrack_ipv4      15053  0 
nf_defrag_ipv4         12729  1 nf_conntrack_ipv4
ip_vs_sh               12688  0 
ip_vs_wrr              12697  0 
ip_vs_rr               12600  0 
ip_vs                 145458  6 ip_vs_rr,ip_vs_sh,ip_vs_wrr
nf_conntrack          139264  2 ip_vs,nf_conntrack_ipv4
libcrc32c              12644  3 xfs,ip_vs,nf_conntrack

• 检查是否加载

[root@slave01 ~]# lsmod | grep -e ipvs -e nf_conntrack_ipv4

nf_conntrack_ipv4      15053  6 
nf_defrag_ipv4         12729  1 nf_conntrack_ipv4
nf_conntrack          139264  7 ip_vs,nf_nat,nf_nat_ipv4,nf_nat_ipv6,xt_conntrack,nf_conntrack_ipv4,nf_conntrack_ipv6

重启三台机器

$ reboot

为每个节点安装Docker、kubeadm、kubelet和kubectl

为每个节点安装Docker

• 1：切换镜像源

wget https://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/centos/docker-ce.repo -O /etc/yum.repos.d/docker-ce.repo

• 2：查看当前镜像源中支持的docker版本

yum list docker-ce --showduplicates

• 3：安装特定版本的docker-ce必须制定–setopt=obsoletes=0，否则yum会自动安装更高版本

yum install --setopt=obsoletes=0 docker-ce-18.06.3.ce-3.el7 -y

为每个节点的Docker接入阿里云镜像加速器

配置镜像加速器方法。

• 准备工作：
• 1：首先进入阿里云容器镜像服务 https://cr.console.aliyun.com/cn-hangzhou/instances/mirrors
• 2：点击镜像工具下面的镜像加速器
• 3：拿到你的加速器地址和下面第二步的registry-mirrors的值替换即可。

针对Docker客户端版本大于 1.10.0 的用户，可以通过修改daemon配置文件/etc/docker/daemon.json来使用加速器

• 第一步：

mkdir -p /etc/docker

• 第二步：

cat EOF> /etc/docker/daemon.json
{
	"exec-opts": ["native.cgroupdriver=systemd"],
	"registry-mirrors": ["https://u01jo9qv.mirror.aliyuncs.com"]
}
EOF

• 第三步：

sudo systemctl daemon-reload

• 第四步：

sudo systemctl restart docker

最后就接入阿里云容器镜像加速器成功啦。

为每个节点的docker设置开机自动启动

sudo systemctl enable docker

为每个节点都添加阿里云的YUM软件源（十分重要，否则无法安装k8s）

• 由于kubernetes的镜像源在国外，所以这里切换成国内的阿里云镜像源，否则将下载不了k8s

cat > /etc/yum.repos.d/kubernetes.repo  EOF
[kubernetes]
name=Kubernetes
baseurl=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/repos/kubernetes-el7-x86_64
enabled=1
gpgcheck=0
repo_gpgcheck=0
gpgkey=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/doc/yum-key.gpg https://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/doc/rpm-package-key.gpg
EOF

为每个节点安装kubeadm、kubelet和kubectl

• 1：指定版本安装

yum install --setopt=obsoletes=0 kubeadm-1.17.4-0 kubelet-1.17.4-0 kubectl-1.17.4-0 -y

• 2：配置kubelet的cgroup，编辑/etc/sysconfig/kubelet, 添加下面的配置

vim /etc/sysconfig/kubelet

内容如下：

# 修改
KUBELET_CGROUP_ARGS="--cgroup-driver=systemd"
KUBE_PROXY_MODE="ipvs"

• 3：设置为开机自启动即可，由于没有生成配置文件，k8s集群初始化后自动启动

systemctl enable kubelet

为每个节点准备集群镜像

查看k8s所需镜像

[root@k8s-master ~]# kubeadm config images list
I0430 16:57:23.161932    1653 version.go:252] remote version is much newer: v1.23.6; falling back to: stable-1.18
W0430 16:57:26.117608    1653 configset.go:202] WARNING: kubeadm cannot validate component configs for API groups [kubelet.config.k8s.io kubeproxy.config.k8s.io]
k8s.gcr.io/kube-apiserver:v1.18.20
k8s.gcr.io/kube-controller-manager:v1.18.20
k8s.gcr.io/kube-scheduler:v1.18.20
k8s.gcr.io/kube-proxy:v1.18.20
k8s.gcr.io/pause:3.2
k8s.gcr.io/etcd:3.4.3-0
k8s.gcr.io/coredns:1.6.7

为每个节点下载镜像

定义镜像

images=(
	kube-apiserver:v1.17.4
	kube-controller-manager:v1.17.4
	kube-scheduler:v1.17.4
	kube-proxy:v1.17.4
	pause:3.1
	etcd:3.4.3-0
	coredns:1.6.5
)

循环下载定义的镜像

for imageName in ${images[@]};do
	docker pull registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/$imageName
	docker tag registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/$imageName k8s.gcr.io/$imageName
	docker rmi registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/$imageName 
done

这里需要花费一些时间。

#重启
reboot

部署k8s的Master节点

• 当前主节点（master）的ip为192.168.184.100
• 下面的操作只需要在master节点上执行即可
• 哪一个节点执行了下面的init命令，那么这一个节点就会变成master节点

# 由于默认拉取镜像地址k8s.gcr.io国内无法访问，这里需要指定阿里云镜像仓库地址
kubeadm init 
	--apiserver-advertise-address=192.168.184.100 
	--image-repository registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers 
	--kubernetes-version=v1.17.4 
	--service-cidr=10.96.0.0/12 
	--pod-network-cidr=10.244.0.0/16

• 参数介绍：
  • –apiserver-advertise-address：必须指定你master节点的ip地址
  • –kubernetes-version：指定k8s的版本，我们这里使用的是v1.17.4

问题1：get nodes报错解决（有点坑）

产生原因

• localhost:8080 这个端口是k8s api（kube-apiserver非安全端口）的端口，在master上面可以执行成功其实走的是配置文件。但是在node上连接的是本地的非安全端口。

kube-apiserver两个端口：

• localhost:8080 非安全端口（不需要认证，没有加入认证机制），是kubectl默认先连接8080，如果你配置kubeconfig（.kube/config）就直接走这个配置连接的安全端口（在master上没有8080端口，走的是kubeconfig）
• master-ip:6443 安全端口 ，提供了内部授权的机制，比如登入网站想要输入用户名密码才能登入。
• kubeadm安装的默认禁用了8080端口
• 当我们执行kubectl get nodes命令时出现下面的异常信息：

[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl get nodes
The connection to the server localhost:8080 was refused - did you specify the right host or port?

• 解决方案：就是执行下面这一行命令即可
• 方法1：（非常建议，永久生效，一劳永逸）

mkdir -p $HOME/.kube
sudo cp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf $HOME/.kube/config
sudo chown $(id -u):$(id -g) $HOME/.kube/config

• 方法2：（不建议，因为重新连接centos7服务器会失效，需要重新执行）

export KUBECONFIG=/etc/kubernetes/admin.conf

• 测试一下

[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl get nodes
NAME         STATUS     ROLES    AGE   VERSION
k8s-master   NotReady   master   17h   v1.17.4

问题2：发现节点的状态是NotReady。

#查看当前节点日志，查看报错信息
journalctl -f -u kubelet

-- Logs begin at 三 2022-05-04 11:23:44 CST. --
5月 04 11:48:14 k8s-master kubelet[2658]: W0504 11:48:14.630055    2658 cni.go:237] Unable to update cni config: no networks found in /etc/cni/net.d
5月 04 11:48:15 k8s-master kubelet[2658]: E0504 11:48:15.119308    2658 kubelet.go:2183] Container runtime network not ready: NetworkReady=false reason:NetworkPluginNotReady message:docker: network plugin is not ready: cni config uninitialized
5月 04 11:48:19 k8s-master kubelet[2658]: W0504 11:48:19.631196    2658 cni.go:237] Unable to update cni config: no networks found in /etc/cni/net.d

• 原因是kubelet参数多了network-plugin=cni，但又没有安装cni插件。
• 看下面的步骤，安装cni完成之后。

[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl get nodes
NAME         STATUS   ROLES    AGE   VERSION
k8s-master   Ready    master   18h   v1.17.4

问题3：初始化报错

[root@k8s-master ~]# kubeadm init 
>   --apiserver-advertise-address=192.168.184.100 
>   --image-repository registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers 
>   --kubernetes-version v1.17.4 
>   --service-cidr=10.96.0.0/12 
>   --pod-network-cidr=10.244.0.0/16
W0501 20:02:43.025579   14399 configset.go:202] WARNING: kubeadm cannot validate component configs for API groups [kubelet.config.k8s.io kubeproxy.config.k8s.io]
[init] Using Kubernetes version: v1.18.0
[preflight] Running pre-flight checks
	[WARNING SystemVerification]: this Docker version is not on the list of validated versions: 20.10.14. Latest validated version: 19.03
error execution phase preflight: [preflight] Some fatal errors occurred:
	[ERROR Port-10259]: Port 10259 is in use
	[ERROR Port-10257]: Port 10257 is in use
	[ERROR FileAvailable--etc-kubernetes-manifests-kube-apiserver.yaml]: /etc/kubernetes/manifests/kube-apiserver.yaml already exists
	[ERROR FileAvailable--etc-kubernetes-manifests-kube-controller-manager.yaml]: /etc/kubernetes/manifests/kube-controller-manager.yaml already exists
	[ERROR FileAvailable--etc-kubernetes-manifests-kube-scheduler.yaml]: /etc/kubernetes/manifests/kube-scheduler.yaml already exists
	[ERROR FileAvailable--etc-kubernetes-manifests-etcd.yaml]: /etc/kubernetes/manifests/etcd.yaml already exists
	[ERROR DirAvailable--var-lib-etcd]: /var/lib/etcd is not empty
[preflight] If you know what you are doing, you can make a check non-fatal with `--ignore-preflight-errors=...`
To see the stack trace of this error execute with --v=5 or higher

• this Docker version is not on the list of validated versions: 20.10.14. Latest validated version: 19.03
• 可以看出，docker和k8s要进行版本的匹配，不能太高也不能太低，否则就会报错。

解决办法：卸载Docker容器

• 1：查看已安装的docker版本

[root@aubin ~]#  yum list installed |grep docker
输出结果：
containerd.io.x86_64                        1.4.4-3.1.el7              @docker-ce-stable
docker-ce-cli.x86_64                        1:20.10.6-3.el7            @docker-ce-stable
docker-scan-plugin.x86_64                   0.7.0-3.el7                @docker-ce-stable

• 2：删除docker

yum -y remove containerd.io.x86_64
yum -y remove docker-ce-cli.x86_64 
yum -y remove docker-scan-plugin.x86_64

重新安装docker

• 1：

wget https://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/centos/docker-ce.repo -O /etc/yum.repos.d/docker-ce.repo

• 2：

yum -y install docker-ce-18.06.3.ce-3.el7

• 3：

systemctl enable docker && systemctl start docker

• 4：

docker version

• 5：Docker镜像加速器

sudo mkdir -p /etc/docker

sudo tee /etc/docker/daemon.json 'EOF'
{
  "exec-opts": ["native.cgroupdriver=systemd"],	
  "registry-mirrors": ["https://u01jo9qv.mirror.aliyuncs.com"],	
  "live-restore": true,
  "log-driver":"json-file",
  "log-opts": {"max-size":"500m", "max-file":"3"},
  "storage-driver": "overlay2"
}
EOF

sudo systemctl daemon-reload

sudo systemctl restart docker

• 6：启动docker服务

systemctl enable docker.service

卸载kubernetes

kubeadm reset -f
modprobe -r ipip
lsmod
rm -rf ~/.kube/
rm -rf /etc/kubernetes/
rm -rf /etc/systemd/system/kubelet.service.d
rm -rf /etc/systemd/system/kubelet.service
rm -rf /usr/bin/kube*
rm -rf /etc/cni
rm -rf /opt/cni
rm -rf /var/lib/etcd
rm -rf /var/etcd
yum clean all
yum remove kube*

• 重新安装k8s（或者换一个新的虚拟机）
• 执行成功在最下面会返回这样一行内容：

Your Kubernetes control-plane has initialized successfully!

To start using your cluster, you need to run the following as a regular user:

  mkdir -p $HOME/.kube
  sudo cp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf $HOME/.kube/config
  sudo chown $(id -u):$(id -g) $HOME/.kube/config

You should now deploy a pod network to the cluster.
Run "kubectl apply -f [podnetwork].yaml" with one of the options listed at:
  https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/addons/

Then you can join any number of worker nodes by running the following on each as root:

#############最重要的命令，可以用来加入从节点##########
kubeadm join 192.168.184.100:6443 --token 1r8ysf.p7myixjcjvmn39u3 
    --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:6f5a2271dd9e764fc33e4ec22e5d3a68d79d57d80bec7a67f99b2190667c7631 

• 可以看到下面有行命令，是用来加入节点的，只需要将这条命令放到从机上去即可。

kubeadm join 192.168.184.100:6443 --token 1r8ysf.p7myixjcjvmn39u3 
    --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:6f5a2271dd9e764fc33e4ec22e5d3a68d79d57d80bec7a67f99b2190667c7631 

在master节点上使用kubectl工具

mkdir -p $HOME/.kube

sudo cp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf $HOME/.kube/config

sudo chown $(id -u):$(id -g) $HOME/.kube/config

• 然后我们的master节点就部署好了。

部署k8s的slave节点

• 在两个从节点（192.168.184.101和192.168.184.102）上写入如下的命令（加入节点）：

kubeadm join 192.168.184.100:6443 --token 1r8ysf.p7myixjcjvmn39u3 
    --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:6f5a2271dd9e764fc33e4ec22e5d3a68d79d57d80bec7a67f99b2190667c7631

• 上面这些命令都是在init主节点自动产生的，具体的可以看上面部署master节点。

默认的token有效期为2小时，当过期之后，该token就不能用了，这时可以使用如下的命令创建token。

创建token的两种方式

• 1：创建一个永久的token：

# 生成一个永不过期的token
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubeadm token create --ttl 0 --print-join-command
W0430 17:39:26.127850   10466 configset.go:202] WARNING: kubeadm cannot validate component configs for API groups [kubelet.config.k8s.io kubeproxy.config.k8s.io]
########这个就是不会过期的命令
kubeadm join 192.168.184.100:6443 --token wolcu9.jrxmjmbqpvqe44x8     --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:6f5a2271dd9e764fc33e4ec22e5d3a68d79d57d80bec7a67f99b2190667c7631 

• 2：创建一个会过期的token：

kubeadm token create --print-join-command

• 3：把生成命令重新在各个slave节点上执行。

[root@k8s-slave01 ~]# kubeadm join 192.168.184.100:6443 --token 2wmd2p.39xczgxkoxbjmqpx     --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:b6a3200a4bf327ce10d229921f21c2d890f0bf48da6a3e37de5de36c48ed9210 

W0504 13:38:09.198532    1849 join.go:346] [preflight] WARNING: JoinControlPane.controlPlane settings will be ignored when control-plane flag is not set.
[preflight] Running pre-flight checks
	[WARNING Hostname]: hostname "k8s-slave01" could not be reached
	[WARNING Hostname]: hostname "k8s-slave01": lookup k8s-slave01 on 223.5.5.5:53: no such host
[preflight] Reading configuration from the cluster...
[preflight] FYI: You can look at this config file with 'kubectl -n kube-system get cm kubeadm-config -oyaml'
[kubelet-start] Downloading configuration for the kubelet from the "kubelet-config-1.17" ConfigMap in the kube-system namespace
[kubelet-start] Writing kubelet configuration to file "/var/lib/kubelet/config.yaml"
[kubelet-start] Writing kubelet environment file with flags to file "/var/lib/kubelet/kubeadm-flags.env"
[kubelet-start] Starting the kubelet
[kubelet-start] Waiting for the kubelet to perform the TLS Bootstrap...

This node has joined the cluster:
* Certificate signing request was sent to apiserver and a response was received.
* The Kubelet was informed of the new secure connection details.

Run 'kubectl get nodes' on the control-plane to see this node join the cluster.

• 4：在master节点查看所有节点状态

[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl get pods,svc,nodes

NAME                         READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
pod/nginx-6867cdf567-mf4xt   1/1     Running   0          24m

NAME                 TYPE        CLUSTER-IP     EXTERNAL-IP   PORT(S)        AGE
service/kubernetes   ClusterIP   10.96.0.1      none>        443/TCP        19h
service/nginx        NodePort    10.103.67.90   none>        80:30048/TCP   23m

NAME               STATUS   ROLES    AGE     VERSION
node/k8s-master    Ready    master   19h     v1.17.4
node/k8s-slave01   Ready    none>   8m32s   v1.17.4

slave节点退出join

• 当slave已经加入一个master节点，我们想让它加入另外一个master节点，我们必须要先退出才能join。

[root@k8s-slave02 ~]# kubeadm join 192.168.184.100:6443 --token f99cdo.1a4h5qv90t6ktq0l     --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:9570221e545e3b7c592ad9460d9c3d393e6123101b7c26e7b1437bcd5c20f5be 
W0515 14:44:59.685275   13110 join.go:346] [preflight] WARNING: JoinControlPane.controlPlane settings will be ignored when control-plane flag is not set.
[preflight] Running pre-flight checks

error execution phase preflight: [preflight] Some fatal errors occurred:
	[ERROR FileAvailable--etc-kubernetes-kubelet.conf]: /etc/kubernetes/kubelet.conf already exists
	[ERROR Port-10250]: Port 10250 is in use
	[ERROR FileAvailable--etc-kubernetes-pki-ca.crt]: /etc/kubernetes/pki/ca.crt already exists
[preflight] If you know what you are doing, you can make a check non-fatal with `--ignore-preflight-errors=...`
To see the stack trace of this error execute with --v=5 or higher

• 进行集群重置（slave节点上执行），必须要进行重置，否则将无法执行成功下面的join命令

kubeadm reset

systemctl stop kubelet
systemctl stop docker

rm -rf /var/lib/cni/
rm -rf /var/lib/kubelet/*
rm -rf /etc/cni/

ifconfig cni0 down
ifconfig flannel.1 down
ifconfig docker0 down
ip link delete cni0
ip link delete flannel.1

systemctl restart kubelet
systemctl restart docker

• 再次运行join命令，可以运行成功了。

[root@k8s-slave01 ~]# kubeadm join 192.168.184.100:6443 --token 8vd0qj.doqff1kdurlzgzzd     --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:9570221e545e3b7c592ad9460d9c3d393e6123101b7c26e7b1437bcd5c20f5be 
W0515 15:00:39.368526   16957 join.go:346] [preflight] WARNING: JoinControlPane.controlPlane settings will be ignored when control-plane flag is not set.
[preflight] Running pre-flight checks
[preflight] Reading configuration from the cluster...
[preflight] FYI: You can look at this config file with 'kubectl -n kube-system get cm kubeadm-config -oyaml'
[kubelet-start] Downloading configuration for the kubelet from the "kubelet-config-1.17" ConfigMap in the kube-system namespace
[kubelet-start] Writing kubelet configuration to file "/var/lib/kubelet/config.yaml"
[kubelet-start] Writing kubelet environment file with flags to file "/var/lib/kubelet/kubeadm-flags.env"
[kubelet-start] Starting the kubelet
[kubelet-start] Waiting for the kubelet to perform the TLS Bootstrap...

This node has joined the cluster:
* Certificate signing request was sent to apiserver and a response was received.
* The Kubelet was informed of the new secure connection details.

Run 'kubectl get nodes' on the control-plane to see this node join the cluster.

部署CNI网络插件（只在Master节点操作）

在Master节点上使用kubectl工具查看节点状态（可以看出状态是NotReady）

[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl get nodes
NAME          STATUS     ROLES    AGE     VERSION
k8s-master    NotReady   master   36m     v1.18.0
k8s-slave01   NotReady   none>   7m34s   v1.18.0
k8s-slave02   NotReady   none>   7m31s   v1.18.0

安装网络插件

• kubernetes支持多种网络插件，比如flannel、calico、canal等，任选一种即可，本次选择flannel
• 在Master节点上获取flannel配置文件(可能会失败，如果失败，请下载到本地，然后安装)：

[root@k8s-master ~]# wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/coreos/flannel/master/Documentation/kube-flannel.yml

--2022-04-30 17:48:22--  https://raw.githubusercontent.com/coreos/flannel/master/Documentation/kube-flannel.yml
正在解析主机 raw.githubusercontent.com (raw.githubusercontent.com)... 185.199.110.133, 185.199.109.133, 185.199.111.133, ...
正在连接 raw.githubusercontent.com (raw.githubusercontent.com)|185.199.110.133|:443... 已连接。
已发出 HTTP 请求，正在等待回应... 200 OK
长度：5750 (5.6K) [text/plain]
正在保存至: “kube-flannel.yml”

100%[========================================================================>] 5,750       --.-K/s 用时 0s      

2022-04-30 17:48:23 (116 MB/s) - 已保存 “kube-flannel.yml” [5750/5750])

• 如果下载不了，可以使用我的，文件名必须为kube-flannel.yml：

可以通过XFTP传到服务器上。（直接使用vim可能会让格式乱掉，可以下载到windows再通过xftp上传到linux服务器）

---
apiVersion: policy/v1beta1
kind: PodSecurityPolicy
metadata:
  name: psp.flannel.unprivileged
  annotations:
    seccomp.security.alpha.kubernetes.io/allowedProfileNames: docker/default
    seccomp.security.alpha.kubernetes.io/defaultProfileName: docker/default
    apparmor.security.beta.kubernetes.io/allowedProfileNames: runtime/default
    apparmor.security.beta.kubernetes.io/defaultProfileName: runtime/default
spec:
  privileged: false
  volumes:
  - configMap
  - secret
  - emptyDir
  - hostPath
  allowedHostPaths:
  - pathPrefix: "/etc/cni/net.d"
  - pathPrefix: "/etc/kube-flannel"
  - pathPrefix: "/run/flannel"
  readOnlyRootFilesystem: false
  # Users and groups
  runAsUser:
    rule: RunAsAny
  supplementalGroups:
    rule: RunAsAny
  fsGroup:
    rule: RunAsAny
  # Privilege Escalation
  allowPrivilegeEscalation: false
  defaultAllowPrivilegeEscalation: false
  # Capabilities
  allowedCapabilities: ['NET_ADMIN', 'NET_RAW']
  defaultAddCapabilities: []
  requiredDropCapabilities: []
  # Host namespaces
  hostPID: false
  hostIPC: false
  hostNetwork: true
  hostPorts:
  - min: 0
    max: 65535
  # SELinux
  seLinux:
    # SELinux is unused in CaaSP
    rule: 'RunAsAny'
---
kind: ClusterRole
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
metadata:
  name: flannel
rules:
- apiGroups: ['extensions']
  resources: ['podsecuritypolicies']
  verbs: ['use']
  resourceNames: ['psp.flannel.unprivileged']
- apiGroups:
  - ""
  resources:
  - pods
  verbs:
  - get
- apiGroups:
  - ""
  resources:
  - nodes
  verbs:
  - list
  - watch
- apiGroups:
  - ""
  resources:
  - nodes/status
  verbs:
  - patch
---
kind: ClusterRoleBinding
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
metadata:
  name: flannel
roleRef:
  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
  kind: ClusterRole
  name: flannel
subjects:
- kind: ServiceAccount
  name: flannel
  namespace: kube-system
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: ServiceAccount
metadata:
  name: flannel
  namespace: kube-system
---
kind: ConfigMap
apiVersion: v1
metadata:
  name: kube-flannel-cfg
  namespace: kube-system
  labels:
    tier: node
    app: flannel
data:
  cni-conf.json: |
    {
      "name": "cbr0",
      "cniVersion": "0.3.1",
      "plugins": [
        {
          "type": "flannel",
          "delegate": {
            "hairpinMode": true,
            "isDefaultGateway": true
          }
        },
        {
          "type": "portmap",
          "capabilities": {
            "portMappings": true
          }
        }
      ]
    }
  net-conf.json: |
    {
      "Network": "10.244.0.0/16",
      "Backend": {
        "Type": "vxlan"
      }
    }
---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: DaemonSet
metadata:
  name: kube-flannel-ds
  namespace: kube-system
  labels:
    tier: node
    app: flannel
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: flannel
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        tier: node
        app: flannel
    spec:
      affinity:
        nodeAffinity:
          requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
            nodeSelectorTerms:
            - matchExpressions:
              - key: kubernetes.io/os
                operator: In
                values:
                - linux
      hostNetwork: true
      priorityClassName: system-node-critical
      tolerations:
      - operator: Exists
        effect: NoSchedule
      serviceAccountName: flannel
      initContainers:
      - name: install-cni-plugin
       #image: flannelcni/flannel-cni-plugin:v1.0.1 for ppc64le and mips64le (dockerhub limitations may apply)
        image: rancher/mirrored-flannelcni-flannel-cni-plugin:v1.0.1
        command:
        - cp
        args:
        - -f
        - /flannel
        - /opt/cni/bin/flannel
        volumeMounts:
        - name: cni-plugin
          mountPath: /opt/cni/bin
      - name: install-cni
       #image: flannelcni/flannel:v0.17.0 for ppc64le and mips64le (dockerhub limitations may apply)
        image: rancher/mirrored-flannelcni-flannel:v0.17.0
        command:
        - cp
        args:
        - -f
        - /etc/kube-flannel/cni-conf.json
        - /etc/cni/net.d/10-flannel.conflist
        volumeMounts:
        - name: cni
          mountPath: /etc/cni/net.d
        - name: flannel-cfg
          mountPath: /etc/kube-flannel/
      containers:
      - name: kube-flannel
       #image: flannelcni/flannel:v0.17.0 for ppc64le and mips64le (dockerhub limitations may apply)
        image: rancher/mirrored-flannelcni-flannel:v0.17.0
        command:
        - /opt/bin/flanneld
        args:
        - --ip-masq
        - --kube-subnet-mgr
        resources:
          requests:
            cpu: "100m"
            memory: "50Mi"
          limits:
            cpu: "100m"
            memory: "50Mi"
        securityContext:
          privileged: false
          capabilities:
            add: ["NET_ADMIN", "NET_RAW"]
        env:
        - name: POD_NAME
          valueFrom:
            fieldRef:
              fieldPath: metadata.name
        - name: POD_NAMESPACE
          valueFrom:
            fieldRef:
              fieldPath: metadata.namespace
        - name: EVENT_QUEUE_DEPTH
          value: "5000"
        volumeMounts:
        - name: run
          mountPath: /run/flannel
        - name: flannel-cfg
          mountPath: /etc/kube-flannel/
        - name: xtables-lock
          mountPath: /run/xtables.lock
      volumes:
      - name: run
        hostPath:
          path: /run/flannel
      - name: cni-plugin
        hostPath:
          path: /opt/cni/bin
      - name: cni
        hostPath:
          path: /etc/cni/net.d
      - name: flannel-cfg
        configMap:
          name: kube-flannel-cfg
      - name: xtables-lock
        hostPath:
          path: /run/xtables.lock
          type: FileOrCreate

启动flannel的方式

• 方法一：下载到当前目前启动flannel：（由于把flannel.yml放到了本地，所以启动十分快）

kubectl apply -f kube-flannel.yml

• 方法二：在线拉取并且启动flannel：（缺点是在线拉取十分缓慢）

[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/coreos/flannel/master/Documentation/kube-flannel.yml

podsecuritypolicy.policy/psp.flannel.unprivileged created
clusterrole.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/flannel created
clusterrolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/flannel created
serviceaccount/flannel created
configmap/kube-flannel-cfg created
daemonset.apps/kube-flannel-ds created

• 查看部署CNI网络插件进度（直到等待初始化完成（Running））：

[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl get pods -n kube-system
NAME                                 READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
coredns-9d85f5447-6t89q              1/1     Running   0          18h
coredns-9d85f5447-cgt49              1/1     Running   0          18h
etcd-k8s-master                      1/1     Running   2          18h
kube-apiserver-k8s-master            1/1     Running   2          18h
kube-controller-manager-k8s-master   1/1     Running   2          18h
kube-flannel-ds-dk952                1/1     Running   0          3m16s
kube-proxy-x7ns9                     1/1     Running   2          18h
kube-scheduler-k8s-master            1/1     Running   2          18h

问题4：flannel出现ImagePullBackOff

[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl get pods -n kube-system
NAME                                 READY   STATUS                  RESTARTS   AGE
coredns-9d85f5447-hsctd              1/1     Running                 0          33m
coredns-9d85f5447-v28cx              1/1     Running                 0          33m
etcd-k8s-master                      1/1     Running                 0          33m
kube-apiserver-k8s-master            1/1     Running                 0          33m
kube-controller-manager-k8s-master   1/1     Running                 0          33m
kube-flannel-ds-5brqz                0/1     Init:ImagePullBackOff   0          9m15s

查看kube-flannel-ds-5brqz报错信息：

kubectl describe pod kube-flannel-ds-5brqz -n kube-system

输出如下：

Events:
  Type     Reason     Age                   From                  Message
  ----     ------     ----                  ----                  -------
  Normal   Scheduled  20m                   default-scheduler     Successfully assigned kube-system/kube-flannel-ds-5brqz to k8s-slave01
  Warning  Failed     19m                   kubelet, k8s-slave01  Failed to pull image "rancher/mirrored-flannelcni-flannel-cni-plugin:v1.0.1": rpc error: code = Unknown desc = error pulling image configuration: Get https://production.cloudflare.docker.com/registry-v2/docker/registry/v2/blobs/sha256/ac/ac40ce62574065ffaad7fe9a6f6a2f5a94246847e882bb034cf8fb249c158598/data?verify=1652446938-UhlcpbAE1orAeMWn4RgzsLOih7I%3D: dial tcp 104.18.124.25:443: i/o timeout
  Warning  Failed     18m                   kubelet, k8s-slave01  Failed to pull image "rancher/mirrored-flannelcni-flannel-cni-plugin:v1.0.1": rpc error: code = Unknown desc = error pulling image configuration: Get https://production.cloudflare.docker.com/registry-v2/docker/registry/v2/blobs/sha256/ac/ac40ce62574065ffaad7fe9a6f6a2f5a94246847e882bb034cf8fb249c158598/data?verify=1652447006-ATuYDcprD98gnZWe2lMbMCUvPAw%3D: dial tcp 104.18.125.25:443: i/o timeout
  Warning  Failed     17m                   kubelet, k8s-slave01  Failed to pull image "rancher/mirrored-flannelcni-flannel-cni-plugin:v1.0.1": rpc error: code = Unknown desc = error pulling image configuration: Get https://production.cloudflare.docker.com/registry-v2/docker/registry/v2/blobs/sha256/ac/ac40ce62574065ffaad7fe9a6f6a2f5a94246847e882bb034cf8fb249c158598/data?verify=1652447085-yEKQljoBf%2FyQ0c72N%2BvEFXlqHWk%3D: dial tcp 104.18.125.25:443: i/o timeout
  Normal   Pulling    16m (x4 over 20m)     kubelet, k8s-slave01  Pulling image "rancher/mirrored-flannelcni-flannel-cni-plugin:v1.0.1"
  Warning  Failed     15m (x4 over 19m)     kubelet, k8s-slave01  Error: ErrImagePull
  Warning  Failed     15m                   kubelet, k8s-slave01  Failed to pull image "rancher/mirrored-flannelcni-flannel-cni-plugin:v1.0.1": rpc error: code = Unknown desc = error pulling image configuration: Get https://production.cloudflare.docker.com/registry-v2/docker/registry/v2/blobs/sha256/ac/ac40ce62574065ffaad7fe9a6f6a2f5a94246847e882bb034cf8fb249c158598/data?verify=1652447189-MIzL3vf7Zx6w6cVcnJbSfGJxR3I%3D: dial tcp 104.18.124.25:443: i/o timeout
  Warning  Failed     9m11s                 kubelet, k8s-slave01  Failed to pull image "rancher/mirrored-flannelcni-flannel-cni-plugin:v1.0.1": rpc error: code = Unknown desc = context canceled
  Normal   BackOff    5m40s (x39 over 19m)  kubelet, k8s-slave01  Back-off pulling image "rancher/mirrored-flannelcni-flannel-cni-plugin:v1.0.1"
  Warning  Failed     43s (x57 over 19m)    kubelet, k8s-slave01  Error: ImagePullBackOff

• 发现问题：从上面的报错信息可以看到一直重复说rancher/mirrored-flannelcni-flannel-cni-plugin:v1.0.1镜像拉取失败。
• 再次在Master节点使用kubectl工具查看节点状态：

[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl get nodes
NAME          STATUS   ROLES    AGE   VERSION
k8s-master    Ready    master   58m   v1.17.4
k8s-slave01   Ready    none>   39m   v1.17.4
k8s-slave02   Ready    none>   39m   v1.17.4

• 查看集群健康状况：

[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl get cs
NAME                 STATUS    MESSAGE             ERROR
scheduler            Healthy   ok                  
controller-manager   Healthy   ok                  
etcd-0               Healthy   {"health":"true"} 

[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl cluster-info

Kubernetes master is running at https://192.168.184.100:6443
KubeDNS is running at https://192.168.184.100:6443/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/kube-dns:dns/proxy

To further debug and diagnose cluster problems, use 'kubectl cluster-info dump'.

重置集群（如果上面出问题了就执行下面命令）

• 注意：上面操作出问题了才执行（记住：在master节点之外的节点（也就是在slave节点）进行操作）

kubeadm reset

systemctl stop kubelet
systemctl stop docker

rm -rf /var/lib/cni/
rm -rf /var/lib/kubelet/*
rm -rf /etc/cni/

ifconfig cni0 down
ifconfig flannel.1 down
ifconfig docker0 down
ip link delete cni0
ip link delete flannel.1

systemctl restart kubelet
systemctl restart docker

❤️??本章结束，我们下一章见❤️??

文章来源于互联网:探索云原生技术之容器编排引擎-Kubernetes/K8S详解(1)